Philippine Herbal Medicine

Chinese honeysuckle (Niyog-niyogan) - Scientific name: Quisqualis indica

2012-01-18T02:16:00.000-08:00

Chinese honeysuckle or Niog-niogan in Tagalog is a perennial climbing shrub growing to about 2.5-8 meters at maturity. It has egg-shaped leaves, aromatic flowers that may come in white to purple orange in color. The oval-shaped fruit can reach 30-35 mm long when ripe. For medicinal purposes leaves, seeds and roots are used.

Medicinal Uses:

Dried seeds, when eaten, act as deworming agents.
Roasted seeds help control diarrhea and fever.
Boiled leaves used to check difficulty in urinating
Fruit decoction of fruit, taken as mouthwash, is effective against nephritis.
Juice made from leaves are used in the treatment of ulcers, boils, and fever-induced headache.
Decoctions of roots aids in reducing pain due to rheumatism.
Pounded leaves are used externally for skin diseases.

How to understand the uses for Honeysuckle in Chinese herbal medicine; get expert tips and advice on employing Chinese alternative healing treatments in this free personal heath video.

Garlic (Bawang) - Scientific name: Allium sativum

2012-01-18T00:57:00.000-08:00

Garlic (Bawang) - Scientific name: Allium sativum. Garlic is a low herb with flat and linear leaves growing to about 30 to 60 cm tall. Garlic is commercially grown in the Philippines especially in the provinces of Batangas, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Mindoro and Nueva Ecija. Leaves, bulbs, lobes are used for medical purposes.

Bawang or garlic, is a specie in the onion family Alliaceae. Bawang is a close relative of onion (sibuyas), the shallot, the leek and the chive. Garlic has been used throughout recorded history for both culinary and medicinal purposes.

Garlic (Bawang) is a low herb, growing to up to 2 feet high. Bawang is widely popular for its bulbs. Bawang bulbs are broadly ovoid, 2 to 4 cm in diameter, consisting of several cloves. Bawang leaves are linear and flat. Umbels are globose, many flowered. Sepas are oblong, greenish white, slightly tinged with purple.

Bawang has a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. Bawang cloves are used as seed, for consumption (raw or cooked), and for medicinal purposes. The leaves, stems (scape) and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are also edible and most often consumed while immature and still tender.

Medical uses of bawang herbal medicine

Antiinfectious: Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic. Bawang juice is applied to the afflicted area. Scientifically ajoene 0.4% cream when applied topically, has been found 70% effective in certain dermatologic fungal infections. A 0.6% gel was effective in tinea corporis and tinea cruris.

Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity when included in diet.

Hypertension: Bawang when eaten or chewed raw. Studies suggest ingestion of Bawang has beneficial antihypertensive effect but blood-lowering effects probably not dramatic. Other studies show a vascular benefit through improvement of aortic elasticity and possible slowing of the rate of atherosclerosis progression

Hyperlipidemia: Bawang eaten or chewed raw is found to lower blood cholesterol. Though still controversial, but probably has beneficial effect on serum cholesterol and LDL levels. Some studies have shown a 4% to 12% lowering of total cholesterol. Bawang seems to have no effect on high density lipoprotein (HDL).

Anti-cancer: Bawang is studied to have possible anticarcinogenic properties, specifically for colon, stomach and prostate cancers. In stomach cancers, probably through its inhibitory effect on H. pylori. In epidemiologic studies on stomach and colorectal cancer prevention, the garlic use was 3.5 grams to 30 grams of fresh or cooked garlic per week.

Other folkloric uses of Bawang as herbal medicine that needs further studies for verification:

Arthritis, rheumatism, toothaches: Crush several Bawang cloves and rub on affected areas.

Headaches: Crush one Bawang clove and apply to both temples as poultice.

Insect bites: Crush Bawang or cut clove crosswise and rub directly to affected area.

Athlete's foot.Crush Bawang or cut clove crosswise and rub directly to affected area.

Fever, Decoction of boiled Bawang leaves and bulbs set to luke warm and applied to the head and body.

Colds, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, asthma and bronchitis; Nasal congestion steam inhalation of chopped Bawang and a teaspoon of vinegar in boiling water.

Fresh Bawang has been used as a complement herbal medicine to INH therapy for tuberculosis.

Digestive problems and gastrointestinal spasms. Drink an infusion of a peeled bawang clove or can also be used as suppository.

Akapulko – Scientific name: Cassia alata

2012-01-18T00:42:00.000-08:00

Akapulko or Ringworm bush in English or shrub grows throughout the Philippines. It has dark green leaves and yellow-orange flowers, producing as much as 50 to 60 small, triangular seeds. For medicinal purposes, leaves, flowers and seeds are used.

Akapulko is a shrub that grows wild on Mt. Banahaw. The leaves contain chrysophanic acid. The leaves are reported to be sudorific, diuretic and purgative, being used in the same manner as senna. The leaves are commonly used for ringworm and other skin diseases. The leaves in concoction are also used to treat bronchitis and asthma.

Medicinal Uses:

Decoction of leaves and flowers is very effective in easing asthma, cough and bronchitis.

The seeds are effective in expelling intestinal parasites.

Juice from leaves aids in controlling fungal infections like; eczema, athlete’s foot, ringworm, scabies, and herpes.

Pounded leaves reduce injury-related swellings, treat insect bites, and ease rheumatism.

Leaves and flowers concoction used as mouthwash in treating stomatitis.

Juice from leaves ease fetid discharges.

The leaves stain is an effective purgative.

How to Use:

As anti fungal, apply juice from the pounded leaves on affected areas of the skin. Strong decoction of leaves and flowers for cleansing eczema and other skin itch.

As an ointment: Prepared from the leaves and apply twice a day.

Precaution: apply thinly on affected skin. Improvement will be noticed after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment.

Oregano - Scientific name: Origanum vulgare

2011-08-19T21:42:00.000-07:00

Oregano (Scientific name: Origanum vulgare) is a plant similar to marjoram. Oregano is known as wild marjoram with a more pungent flavor and aroma. It belongs to the same family than mint and thyme. It has been used as a culinary herb since the times of the ancient Egyptians and featured prominently in ancient Greek and Roman cultures. Symbolizing happiness, it was often worn at weddings by the bride and groom.

It is also used in cooking, Oregano adds a pungent peppery flavor to fish, meat, and poultry dishes and harmonizes beautifully with eggplant, tomatoes, pizza or pasta. Mexican chili and chili powders count on oregano as an essential ingredient.

Oregano is the joy of the mountain, or so its name says in Greek. It grows well in Mediterranean countries, Asia, North and Central America. It can be found in cooler regions of North America or European countries, such as south England, where it grows with a milder quality. Oregano requires warm, dry conditions and well-drained soil. It spreads by seed in spring, by cuttings or by root in autumn. Harvest bunches of flowers and leaves in the summer, dry under the sun around four days.

Oregano is usually thought of as a culinary herb, but its medicinal properties have been understood and used for thousands of years. However, beware: The related herbs thyme and marjoram sold in most North American supermarkets are often mislabeled as oregano and do not possess wild oregano's miraculous healing properties. Oregano is a health aid that is very diverse. Unfortunately, most of the oregano that consumers are familiar with contain little or none of the actual species of the plant. Researchers have found numerous benefits to using oregano. However, the benefits are not attainable if the oregano is not the true substance.

Oregano oil contains isomeric phenols. This substance, even diluted as low as 1/50,000 destroys many unwanted toxins. Some of these toxins include candida albicans, the Aspergillus mold, Staphylococcus, campylobacter, Klebsiella, e. coli, giardia, Pseudomonas, and proteus. Thymol, a phenol constituent, also boost the immune system. These compound shields against toxins and prevent more tissue damage while it encourages healing.

Oregano is also one of nature's finest preservatives. If oregano is used with meats, eggs, milk, or salad, it will stop the growth of microbes that will reduce the risk of getting food poisoning. Oregano oil is a significant helper in treating internal and external fungi, including athlete's foot. It will also help with skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis.

Oil of oregano destroys all variety of fungi and yeasts regardless of where it is at. Besides the fungi and yeasts, oil or oregano inhibits the growth of bacterial and parasites. It inhibits the growth of most bacteria ad has been successful at neutralizing worms, amoebas, and protozoans.

Oregano also carries a dense amount of minerals. These minerals include calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, potassium, copper, boron, and manganese. There are also vitamins in Oregano that include Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and niacin. Seeing the content of vitamins and minerals it is not difficult to see why oregano is such an important substance to use in your diet. It can help to loosen phlegm, contains rosmarinic acid, a compound with anti-inflammatory properties. If you have arthritis, oregano is definitely worth adding to your pizza and other foods.

The Health Benefit of Virgin Coconut Oil

2011-08-13T02:54:00.000-07:00

Virgin coconut oil is widely used in Asian countries for cooking and for therapeutic uses. It is also an anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral agent. The fatty acids found in virgin coconut oil can as well boost your immune system and equips it with the tools it needs to fight off bacteria, diseases and other infections.

Virgin coconut oil has been around for thousands of years, but it is only now that they are gaining escalating popularity for the plethora of health benefits it has been proven to offer.

So how does virgin coconut oil provide relief from constipation?

The reason why virgin coconut oil eases constipation is because it is fibrous, and it cleanses the colon very effectively. It also increases your metabolism rate letting your system break down food faster and effectively, which can lead to increased bowel movement and weight reduction.

Virgin coconut oil is also seen as a good method to Select veggie motor oils, which will help. Everyone loses weight. Your physique will be. One of the best cause diet fat concerning proper health.

Many people believe that consuming extra virgin coconut oil can help with the symptoms of hypothyroidism. While scientific evidence is conflicting in this regard, many people with hypothyroidism have successfully improved or even reversed their hypothyroidism and have been able to stop taking thyroid medication.

Although coconut oil is a saturated fat, several studies have found that eating virgin coconut oil does not have adverse effects upon the heart. On the contrary, it appears to reduce the risk of high cholesterol and heart attack. Earlier studies done on coconut oil that found it caused high cholesterol were done using partially hydrogenated coconut oil and not virgin coconut oil and the studies were done on animals, not humans.

Remember that it may not work for everyone, and it is important to consult with your doctor before stopping any medications.

Gumamela - It Scientific Name Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Linn

2011-04-08T03:05:00.000-07:00

Gumamela is a beautiful plant with red, yellow, orange, white, purple, pink and several color combination of flowers. It is a shrub that grows from one meter up to 4 meters high. Gumamela is also known as: Hibiscus, China Rose and Shoeflower. In the Philippines, gumamela is cultivated as an ornamental plant.

Gumamela leaves, usually blended with Rose Hip has long been used in the Middle East and Okinawa as herbal tea. Today, the use of gumamela tea is gaining worldwide popularity - including Asia. Gumamela (Hibiscus) is associated with longevity.

Gumamela as Herbal Medicine

As herbal medicine, gumamela flower, leaves and roots are used. Gumamela has the following medicinal characteristics: expectorant, diuretic, emollient, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anodyne and refrigerant.

Preparation & Use of Gumamela:

There are two ways to utilize gumamela as herbal medicine. One is dried and the other is fresh. For Dried gumamela, collect the flower, leaves and/or roots. Wash, then cut into small pieces and sun dry. To use as decoction, boil the dried gumamela parts (1/4 cup dried gumamela in 1 glass of water)

To make a decoction from fresh gumamela, Wash gumamela flower and/or leaves, cut into small pieces and boil (1/3 cup in 1 glass of water), let cool and drink.

Use Gumamela as Poultice:

Poultice is the use or fresh or dried herbs that is mashed, crushed or pounded - often heated (boiled in water to soften and heat the herb) and applied directly to the skin. A clean cloth or gauze can be used to help the poultice stay in place.

Gumamela is used for the treatment of:

• Bronchitis - as an expectorant
• Coughs, sore throat
• Fever - as refrigerant drink
• Treats dysentery
• Urinary tract infection, bladder infections
• High blood pressure
• Prevention of constipation
• Headaches
• Boils, swelling & abscesses, mumps

Application & Use of Gumamela:

• Decoction is used to treat: Bronchitis, coughs, fever, dysentery, urinary and bladder infections, high blood pressure and constipation.
• Poultice is applied externally on the afflicted area. This is used to treat: headaches (on the forehead), boils, swelling, abscesses and mumps.
• Intake of gumamela (alone or mixed with papaya or papaya seeds) specially in large quantities can be an abortifacient.

Article source: philippine herbal medicine

Malungay - The Wonder Food

2011-04-08T02:50:00.000-07:00

Malungay Scientific name: Moringa oleifera Lam

Malungay is found anywhere in the Philippines. It is a common vegetable found in the market and in the villagers. They are a rich source of calcium and iron. The leaves are purgative, and diuretic.

Malungay or Moringa is the ultimate, organic, natural, energy booster and most fortified health supplement. It has 7 times the vitamins C of oranges, 4 times the calcium of milk, 4 times the vitamin A of carrots, 2 times the protein in milk and 3 times the potassium in bananas.

- As high as 9 m; has a soft, white wood and corky, gummy bark. Root has the taste of horseradish. Each compound leaf contains 3-9 very thin leaflets dispersed on a compound (3 times pinnate) stalk. Flowers white and fragrant, producing long, pendulous, 9-ribbed pods. 3-angled winged seeds.

- Introduced from Malaya or some other part of tropical Asia in prehistoric times. Grown throughout the Philippines in settled areas as a backyard vegetable and as a border plant. Drought resistant and grows in practically all kinds of well-drained soils. Conserves water by shedding leaves during dry season.

- Propagation by seeds and stem cuttings.

Properties
- Galactagogue, rubefacient, antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant, purgative.

Distribution
Grown throughout the Philippines as a vegetable or border plant.

Parts utilized
Flowers, leaves, young pods

Constituents

Ben oil, 36% – palmitic, stearic, myristic, oleic, and behenic acids, phytosterin; two alkaloids the mixture of which has the same action as epinephrine.

Commercial Use

Oil, known as ben oil, extracted from flowers can be used as illuminant, ointment base, and absorbent in the enfleurage process of extracting volatile oils from flowers. The oil, applied locally, has also been helpful for arthritic pains, rheumatic and gouty joints.

Nutritional

Flowers, leaves and pods eaten as a vegetable.
Source of calcium, iron, phosphorus and vitamins.

Medicinal Use

Young leaves increases the flow of milk. Pods for intestinal parasitism.
Constipation: Leaves and fruit
Decoction of boiled roots used to wash sores and ulcers.
Decoction of the bark used for excitement, restlessness.
Pounded roots used as poultice for inflammatory swelling.
Juice of roots is used for otalgia.
Decoction of roots is use as gargle for hoarseness and sore throat.
Boiled leaves used to help increase lactation.
Seeds for hypertension, gout, asthma, hiccups, and as a diuretic.
Rheumatic complaints: Decoction of seeds; or, powdered roasted seeds applied to affected area.
Juice of the root with milk used for asthma, hiccups, gout, lumbago.
Poultice of leaves applied for glandular swelling.
Pounded fresh leaves mixed with coconut oil applied to wounds and cuts.
The flowers boiled with soy milk thought to have aphrodisiac quality.

Bayabas Plants

2010-12-13T00:46:00.000-08:00

Bayabas is a fruit bearing plant. It is commonly seen in the Filipino homes in the country. This plant have many uses as fruit as a traditional remedy to treat many ailments. In latest research study, almost all parts of the plant have medicinal value, thus making bayabas popular therapeutic plant.

Bayabas is grow upto 3 meters tall or more with its greenist-brownist smooth bark. The bayabas fruit starts as a flower and is usually eaten while still green. It become yellowish-green when ripe.

The bayabas fruit bark and leaves are used as herbal medicine. Its decoction of leaves is known for its effectiveness in curing several diseases, including treatment of uterine bleeding, swollenness legs and other parts of the body, chronic diarrhea and gastroenteritis, among others. The most common use of the leaves is to clean and disinfect the wound by rinsing the affected area with a decoction of the leaves.

Similarly, the leaves are being used to help in the treatment of dysentery and inflammation of the kidneys. The bark and leaves can be used as an astringent. It can also be used as a wash of uterine and vaginal problems, and is good for ulcers.

Bayabas medicinal uses seems endless, as also suggested a natural cure for fever, diabetes, epilepsy, worms, and spasms. The fruit, besides being delicious, contains nutritional values with a high concentration of vitamin A and vitamin C. Article from Philippine herbal medicine

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

2010-12-09T00:55:00.000-08:00

Ampalaya is a vine and tendrils of which grow to 20 centimeters long. This herbaceous plant belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae and is a tropical and a subtropical vine. Ampalaya heart-shaped leaves those are 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter. The fruits of ampalaya vine with green fleshy pointed ends in length. Not to be confused with any other variety, because its surface ribbed and wrinkled ampalaya always been a different physical structure. The bitter taste of ampalaya fruit had also been the factor that distinguishes the rest of the fruits with medicinal value, and this is due to the presence of a substance known as momorcidin.

Ampalaya has been a folk cure for generations, but now has proven to be an effective herbal for many aliments. The most significant of which is for diabetes. The Philippine variety has proven to be more powerful. Ampalaya contains a mixture of flavonoids and alkaloids than the pancreas produce more insulin that controls blood sugar in diabetics. Aside from Ampalaya medicinal value, is a good source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, folic acid, phosphorus and calcium.

Ampalaya has been used even by the Chinese for centuries. The effectiveness of Ampalaya as an herbal medicine has been proven by many clinical and research laboratories worldwide. In the Philippines, the Department of Health has approved Ampalaya as an alternative medicine to help alleviates various ailments including diabetes, liver problems and even HIV. Apart from these, ampalaya also helps treat skin diseases and cough. Its value extends herbal to enhance the sterility of women, antiparasitic, antipyretic, and has purgative functions, too.

Note: In large dozes, pure Ampalaya juice can be a purgative and abortifacient.

Article from philippine herbal medicine

Avocado Nutrition Fact

2010-12-09T00:44:00.000-08:00

Avocado is a delicious fruit and a tree. It often said to be the most nutritious fruit in the world. Avocado provides more than 25 essential nutrients such as protein, potassium, vitamin E, C, B-vitamins, folic acid, iron, copper, phosphorus and magnesium, just to name a few. It also provides calories for energy and useful phytochemicals such as beta-sitosterol, glutathione and lutein.

Avocado contains fat, a good source of energy, but the fat in avocado is mostly monounsaturated. What should be refrained or reduced is saturated fat that is present in most dairy and animal products. In fact, avocado helps in the absorption of nutrients that are fat-soluble such as alpha and beta-carotene and lutein, when food including these nutrients are eaten with avocado. Avocado is also high in fiber that is good for the digestive system and the heart.

Overall, avocado is considered a complete food. With vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, calories and fiber with no cholesterol and is sodium free. Avocado is ideal for growing up children, adults and even for babies, especially when blended with other fruits. For athletes, avocado is a nutritious energy booster to rev up the body's strength.

Avocado can be eaten as is, mixed with other fruits, as salad, a shake, baked in breads and even made into a dip. In the Philippines, ripe avocado is often eaten as a snack by scooping from flesh from the skin then blended with a some sugar and milk or cream. It is simply delicious!
Article from philippine herbal medicine

Banaba Plant

2010-12-08T01:52:00.000-08:00

Banaba is a tropical flowery tree. It grows to a height as high as 20 meters. Its leaves are large, and ranges from the shape of elliptical-ovate to oblong. These leaves are shed by the plant during the first months of the year, and are bright orange or red during these times. Various research on Banaba conducted in Japan prove true the belief that this plant contains high levels of corosilic acid, a substance known as one of the many treatments for diabetes mellitus. Besides its medicinal value, banaba is also cultivated and known for its beautiful flowers.

Banaba has been used in Filipino herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes for centuries. It is now gaining popularity and getting recognition as an herbal medicine not only in the Philippines but worldwide. Banaba is also known as Queen's Flower, Crepe Myrtle and the Pride of India. In India, Banaba has also been used to cure diabetes in Ayurvedic medicine for a long time.

Recent studies and laboratory test showed that it's an active ingredients. Corosolic acid is a potent compound that has insulin like effect to lower glucose in the body and is effective in treating diabetes. Banaba is rapidly becoming known as a natural plant insulin, and what makes it ideal is that, the herbal preparation may also be taken orally, without any risk of adverse side effects. However, caution is advised against taking Banaba with any diabetic drug or any other drug simultaneously. Always consult with a qualified physician or a medical practitioner before taking any medication or any herbal medicine for a correct dose. Furthermore, an extra precautions is highly recommended as initial findings show that Banaba extracts may delay and reduce the absorption of carbohydrates in the body and promote weight loss, despite its useful medicinal value.

Other studies who were focused on this plant showed other potential medicinal benefits. These include antibacterial functions of seed extracts from this plant, and a water extracts of the same manifest anti-oxidative functions. Another is the significant protection that Banaba seems to exhibit to treat HIV-infected cells. This is brought about by its ellagic acid constituents.

Aside from the medicinal value of Banaba, as an herbal medicine, it is also good for the health. Banaba contains high concentrations of dietary fiber and minerals such as zinc and magnesium. The leaves can be boiled and taken daily as tea.

Benefits and Treatment of Banaba:

• Diabetes
• Fights obesity
• Helps regulate blood pressure
• Good for the kidneys
• Aids the digestive system
• Helps ease urination

Banaba Preparation & Use:

Note: Fresh leaves, dried leaves, flowers, ripe fruit, root and bark ofBanaba can all beused.• Wash the leaves inrunning water (if fresh). Cut into smaller pieces ifdesired.• Boil Banaba (one cup Banaba to a cup of water) for 30minutes. Drink like tea. Article from philippine herbal medicine

Lagundi Plant

2010-12-02T14:44:00.001-08:00

Lagundi is a woody plant that grows in the Philippines. It is one of the ten herbal medicines approved by the Philippine Department of Health as an effective herbal medicine with verified therapeutic value. Generally known in the Ilocos region as dangla, lagundi has been clinically tested to be effective in the remedy of colds, flu, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pharyngitis. Studies have shown that Lagundi can prevent the body's production of leukotrienes, which are released during an asthma attack. Lagundi contains Chrysoplenol D, a substance with anti-histamine and muscle relaxant properties. Even in Japan, lagundi is becoming recognized as an effective herbal medicine, especially since researches have shown that it contains properties that make it an expectorant, and it has been reported to function as a tonic as well. More than that, most of the parts of the lagundi plant have medicinal value.

The roots of this shrub are also used as treatment for rheumatism, dyspepsia, boils, and leprosy. The leaves, flowers, seeds, and root of Lagundi can all be used as herbal medicine. A decoction is made by boiling the parts of the plant and taken orally. Today, Lagundi is available in capsule form and syrup for cough. For its part, the flowers are recommended as a cardiac tonic, as a cure for liver diseases, and other internal disorders such as diarrhea and cholera. The lagundi plant also has anti-inflammatory functions, and its cooling effects are ideal as treatment for skin diseases such as leprosy.

Plant Description: The Lagundi plant can grow up to five meters tall. It can be described as a cross between a shrub and a tree with a single woody stem (trunk). One of Lagundi's distinctive features is its pointed leaves with five leaflets set like a hand.

Herbal Benefits of Lagundi:

• Relief of asthma & pharyngitis
• Recommended relief of rheumatism, dyspepsia, boils, diarrhea
• Treatment of cough, colds, fever and flu and other broncho pulmonary disorders
• Alleviate symptoms of Chicken Pox
• Removal of worms, and boils

Preparation & Use:

• Boil half cup of chopped fresh or dried leaves in 2 cups of water for 10to15minutes. Drink half cup three times a day.
• For skin diseases or disorders, apply the decoction of leaves and roots directly on skin
• The root is specially good for treating dyspepsia, worms, boils, colic and rheumatism.

A decoction (boiling in water) of the roots and leaves of Lagundi are applied to wounds, and used as aromatic baths for skin diseases. Boiled seeds are eaten in order to prevent the spreading of toxins and venom from bites of poisonous animals. Juice extracted from the flowers of Lagundi plant is taken in as an aid for disorders like fever, diarrhea, liver disorders, and even cholera. While a decoction of the plant leaves is suggested to be taken by individuals to help increase the flow and production of milk, as well as to induce menstruation. Article from philippine herbal medicine

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2007-01-18T00:09:00.000-08:00